護理師照顧一位剛得知末期診斷的病人。病人表示：「我不相信醫師是對的，我覺得很好，我要尋求第二意見。」此病人正處於悲傷的哪個階段？
A nurse is caring for a client who just received a terminal diagnosis. The client states, 'I don't believe the doctors are right. I feel fine and I want a second opinion.' Which stage of grief is the client experiencing?
- ADenial✓ 正解否認
- BAnger憤怒
- CDepression憂鬱
- DBargaining討價還價
根據庫伯勒-羅絲（Kübler-Ross）的悲傷階段理論，否認（Denial）是最初的心理防衛機制，個體拒絕接受現實以緩衝衝擊。病人質疑診斷的正確性並認為自己「感覺很好」，展現了典型的否認特徵。憤怒階段常伴隨怨天尤人，討價還價則試圖延緩死亡，憂鬱則是對失落感產生深度悲傷。
According to the Kübler-Ross stages of grief, denial is the initial psychological defense mechanism, in which the individual refuses to accept reality in order to buffer the shock. The client questions the accuracy of the diagnosis and states that they 'feel fine,' demonstrating the classic features of denial. The anger stage often involves blaming others; bargaining tries to delay death; and depression brings deep sadness in response to loss.
兩國在臨床上均引用庫伯勒-羅絲理論，但台灣文化中常有家屬要求隱瞞診斷（保護性隱瞞），美國則強調病人的知情權。