一位肺結核（TB）活動期病人，下列哪些護理措施對於維持感染控制規範是必須的？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client with active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Which intervention is essential to maintain infection control protocols? (Select all that apply.)
- APlace the client in a negative-pressure airflow room✓ 正解將病人安置於負壓氣流病房
- BRequire the nurse to wear an N95 respirator mask upon entry✓ 正解護理師進入時須佩戴 N95 呼吸器
- CEnsure visitors wear a surgical mask while in the room✓ 正解確保訪客在病房內佩戴外科口罩
- DRestrict the client to the room except for essential diagnostic procedures✓ 正解除必要診斷程序外，限制病人留在病房內
- EInitiate strict droplet precautions upon admission入院時實施嚴格飛沫隔離措施
肺結核（TB）屬於空氣傳播（Airborne）感染，這題的關鍵在於區分空氣傳播與飛沫傳播的差異。選項 E 明確錯誤，因為 TB 是透過微小飛沫核（Droplet nuclei）傳播，需執行的是空氣隔離（Airborne Precautions）而非飛沫隔離（Droplet Precautions）。空氣隔離要求負壓病房（A）、工作人員配戴 N95 以過濾極細微粒子（B）、限制病人移動以避免傳染他人（D），若病人必須移動，則需配戴外科口罩以控制傳染源。訪客的部分，由於他們沒有 N95 密合度測試，要求他們配戴外科口罩（C）雖然無法完全阻隔吸入，但能降低病人噴出的飛沫負載。護理師在照顧此類病人時，必須時刻評估隔離措施的完整性，確保空氣交換率維持在規定標準。
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infection; the key to this item is distinguishing airborne transmission from droplet transmission. Option E is clearly incorrect because TB is transmitted by tiny droplet nuclei, and the precaution required is Airborne Precautions, not Droplet Precautions. Airborne Precautions require a negative-pressure room (A), staff wearing N95 respirators to filter very small particles (B), and limiting the patient's movement to avoid transmitting infection (D); if the patient must leave the room, they must wear a surgical mask to contain the source. As for visitors, because they have not undergone N95 fit testing, asking them to wear a surgical mask (C) cannot fully block inhalation but can reduce the droplet load expelled by the patient. The nurse must continuously evaluate the integrity of the isolation measures while caring for such patients and ensure that the air exchange rate is maintained at the required standard.
美國對 N95 的使用有嚴格的 fit-testing 法規，規定每年必須重新測試，護理師若未過測試不得進入隔離房；台灣部分醫院資源較有限，雖然也有空氣隔離規範，但在高流量需求時，對於 N95 的重複使用或配戴規範常根據 CDC 臨時應變指引進行調整，標準化程度略有不同。