護理師準備進行皮下肝素注射。下列哪些護理措施正確？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is preparing to administer heparin subcutaneously. Which nursing actions are appropriate? (Select all that apply.)
- AInject the medication into the abdominal fat pad✓ 正解將藥物注入腹部脂肪墊
- BAspirate before injecting the medication注射前進行回抽
- CMassage the injection site after administration給藥後按摩注射部位
- DRotate injection sites to prevent tissue irritation✓ 正解輪替注射部位以預防組織刺激
- EAvoid injecting within 2 inches of the umbilicus✓ 正解避免在臍周2英吋內注射
皮下肝素注射（Heparin injection）需遵循預防組織損傷與出血的原則。選擇腹部脂肪處，避開肚臍周圍 2 英吋，是因為該處血管分佈較少且皮下組織豐富。注射時不可回抽，以避免造成皮下毛細血管撕裂與瘀青；注射後不可按摩，按摩會加速藥物吸收並增加局部出血風險。定期輪替注射部位則能預防脂肪組織硬化或刺激。
Subcutaneous heparin injections follow specific principles to prevent tissue damage and bleeding. Inject into the abdominal fat pad (avoiding within 2 inches of the umbilicus, which has dense vasculature) for predictable absorption. Do not aspirate (causes capillary trauma and bruising) and do not massage the site after injection (accelerates absorption and increases local bleeding). Rotate sites to prevent lipohypertrophy.
在美國臨床教學中，非常強調肝素注射後「嚴禁按摩（No rubbing）」以防瘀青，此點在台灣臨床實習中亦為標準護理常規，無顯著差異。