病人因高血壓服用 spironolactone。護理師應提供哪項飲食指導以降低併發症風險？

Spironolactone (螺內酯) 是一種保鉀利尿劑 (potassium-sparing diuretic)，常用於治療高血壓和心臟衰竭。它通過拮抗醛固酮 (aldosterone) 的作用，促進鈉和水排泄，同時減少鉀離子 (potassium) 的流失。這意味著服用 Spironolactone 的病人體內鉀離子容易累積，有發生高血鉀症 (hyperkalemia) 的風險。 高血鉀症可能導致嚴重的心律不整，甚至危及生命。因此，護理師在對服用 Spironolactone 的病人進行衛教時，必須強調避免攝取過多的鉀離子，以預防併發症。許多鹽替代品 (salt substitutes) 中含有氯化鉀 (potassium chloride)，若病人同時使用 Spironolactone 和這些含鉀鹽替代品，將大幅增加高血鉀症的風險。因此，指導病人避免使用含鉀的鹽替代品是至關重要的飲食衛教，這符合「降低風險潛能」和「藥物安全」的護理原則。 其他選項的飲食指導可能不適用或會增加風險。

Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic commonly used to treat hypertension and heart failure. It works by antagonizing aldosterone, promoting sodium and water excretion while reducing potassium loss. This means patients taking spironolactone tend to accumulate potassium and are at risk of hyperkalemia. Hyperkalemia can cause serious cardiac arrhythmias and even become life-threatening. Therefore, when educating patients on spironolactone, the nurse must emphasize avoiding excessive potassium intake to prevent complications. Many salt substitutes contain potassium chloride; combining spironolactone with these potassium-containing salt substitutes greatly increases the risk of hyperkalemia. Thus, instructing patients to avoid potassium-containing salt substitutes is critical dietary teaching, aligned with the principles of risk reduction and medication safety. Other dietary instructions in the options either do not apply or would increase risk.