Nurslix
— 藥理與非經腸給藥 · MCQ —

一位 30 歲患有雙相情緒障礙症的女性,長年以穩定劑量的碳酸鋰(lithium)控制病情。夏季門診時,她告訴護理師:『我剛報名了戶外馬拉松,而且為了減肥,我開始了嚴格的無鹽飲食,希望可以多流汗。』下列哪項警示最為重要?

A 30-year-old female with bipolar disorder has been stable on a maintenance dose of lithium carbonate for several years. During a summer clinic visit, she tells the nurse, "I just signed up for outdoor marathons, and to lose weight I've started a strict salt-free diet so I can sweat more." Which warning is most important for the nurse to communicate to this client?

  • A"Reducing salt intake and excessive sweating can lower your sodium level, which causes the kidneys to retain more lithium and may lead to lithium toxicity.""減少鹽分攝取和過度出汗會降低您的鈉濃度,這會導致腎臟保留更多鋰,進而可能引發鋰中毒。"正確答案
  • B"A low-salt diet is good for your heart, so take an extra dose of lithium after running to compensate for losses in sweat.""低鹽飲食對心臟有益,因此在跑步後請額外服用一劑鋰以補充汗水流失。"
  • C"Lithium reduces your body's water absorption, so dehydration during marathons can safely help with weight loss.""鋰會減少身體對水分的吸收,因此馬拉松期間的脫水有助於安全減重。"
  • D"Sunlight breaks down lithium in your blood, so you should wear long sleeves during the marathon to prevent a manic relapse.""陽光會分解血液中的鋰,因此您在馬拉松期間應穿著長袖衣物,以防止躁鬱症復發。"
— Answer · 正確答案 —
  • A"減少鹽分攝取和過度出汗會降低您的鈉濃度,這會導致腎臟保留更多鋰,進而可能引發鋰中毒。"
— Why · 為什麼是這個答案 —

核心概念:鋰鹽(lithium)的安全性衛教與鈉鋰交互作用。 鋰鹽與鈉離子在腎小管共用相同的再吸收通道。當體內鈉離子減少時(例如長期低鈉飲食、大量流汗、脫水),腎臟會增加對鈉的再吸收,同時也會增加對鋰的再吸收,導致血中鋰濃度上升,可能超過治療範圍(約 0.6-1.2 mEq/L),引發鋰中毒。 鋰中毒表現:早期可能出現噁心、腹瀉、粗大震顫;進一步惡化會導致共濟失調、意識改變、抽搐,嚴重者可危及生命。 為何正確答案對:選項 A 正確說明了鈉與鋰的交互作用——低鈉飲食加上大量流汗會降低鈉濃度,使腎臟保留更多鋰,導致中毒風險增加。護理師應衛教個案維持規律的鹽分與水分攝取,並在劇烈運動或炎熱天氣時特別注意水分補充。 為何其他選項錯: - B:自行加倍服用鋰劑量是危險行為,會直接造成過量。 - C:脫水會濃縮血中鋰濃度並加速中毒,並非安全的減重方法。 - D:紫外線對血中鋰濃度沒有臨床顯著影響,此說法無藥理學依據。 臨床推理:服用鋰鹽期間,任何會造成鈉流失或脫水的情境(低鈉飲食、利尿劑、嘔吐腹瀉、過度流汗)皆需提高警覺,並監測血中鋰濃度。

— Options · 其他選項為什麼不對 —
  • A · 正確答案"減少鹽分攝取和過度出汗會降低您的鈉濃度,這會導致腎臟保留更多鋰,進而可能引發鋰中毒。"

    低鈉攝取與大量流汗會降低血中鈉濃度,使腎臟在保留鈉的同時也保留更多鋰,導致血中鋰濃度上升至中毒範圍。

  • B"低鹽飲食對心臟有益,因此在跑步後請額外服用一劑鋰以補充汗水流失。"

    個案不應自行加倍服用鋰劑量,這會直接造成過量並增加中毒風險,所有劑量調整都需由醫師決定。

  • C"鋰會減少身體對水分的吸收,因此馬拉松期間的脫水有助於安全減重。"

    脫水會濃縮血中鋰濃度,加速中毒風險,並不是安全的減重方法。

  • D"陽光會分解血液中的鋰,因此您在馬拉松期間應穿著長袖衣物,以防止躁鬱症復發。"

    紫外線對血中鋰濃度並無臨床顯著影響,此說法無藥理學依據。

✦ 台美臨床差異

「Lithium (鋰鹽) = Sodium (鈉鹽)」的腎臟翹翹板效應,是所有精神科藥理學中最基礎也最重要的安全警訊。教導病患『不要限水限鹽』是台美護理師對鋰鹽患者出院衛教的第一條。

English explanation

Option A is correct because lithium and sodium use the same renal tubular reabsorption pathways. When sodium is depleted by a prolonged low-sodium diet, heavy sweating, or dehydration, the kidneys increase sodium reabsorption and simultaneously retain more lithium. The serum lithium concentration can then rise above the therapeutic range of about 0.6-1.2 mEq/L and cause toxicity. Early findings may include nausea, diarrhea, and coarse tremor; worsening toxicity may cause ataxia, altered consciousness, seizures, and life-threatening illness. The client should maintain consistent salt and fluid intake and pay special attention to hydration during strenuous exercise or hot weather. Option B is incorrect because independently taking an extra lithium dose can directly cause an overdose. Option C is incorrect because dehydration concentrates lithium in the blood, accelerates toxicity, and is not a safe weight-loss method. Option D is incorrect because ultraviolet light has no clinically significant effect on the blood lithium concentration and this claim lacks a pharmacologic basis.

最近修訂:2026-10-05

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