一位 55 歲高血壓病史病人主訴劇烈頭痛及視力模糊,血壓為 220/130 mmHg。護理師應優先採取何項措施?
A 55-year-old client with a history of hypertension reports severe headache and blurred vision. The blood pressure is 220/130 mmHg. Which action is the priority for the nurse?
- AElevate the head of the bed to 45 degrees將床頭抬高至 45 度
- BPerform a comprehensive neurological assessment執行全面的神經學評估
- CAdminister the prescribed oral antihypertensive medication給予處方口服降血壓藥物
- DPrepare for the administration of intravenous vasodilator therapy準備給予靜脈血管擴張劑治療正確答案
- D準備給予靜脈血管擴張劑治療
本題的判斷關鍵是分辨「高血壓急症」與「單純的嚴重高血壓」。血壓 220/130 mmHg 合併劇烈頭痛與視力模糊,代表血壓升高已造成急性標的器官損傷(高血壓腦病變的典型表現),屬於高血壓急症(hypertensive emergency)——依 2025 AHA/ACC 指引,這類病人需要收治加護單位,並在密切血壓監測下以靜脈降壓藥受控地降壓,因此準備靜脈血管擴張劑治療是本題的優先行動(D 為正解)。 對照組要一起記住:若血壓同樣超過 180/120 mmHg 但「沒有」急性器官損傷徵象,2025 指引已取消「hypertensive urgency(高血壓急迫症)」這個名稱,改稱 severe hypertension,處置是重新啟用或加強口服藥物並安排密切門診追蹤,不做快速靜脈降壓。本題病人有頭痛與視力模糊,正是把它推向急症端的理由。 其他選項:A(抬高床頭 45 度)只是舒適與擺位措施,並不能降低血壓,也不是本題的優先處置。B(完整神經學評估)確實必須執行,但它是與治療同步進行的評估動作,不能取代立即的降壓準備。C(口服降壓藥)在急症情境下吸收慢、降幅無法精準控制,無法達到受控降壓的要求。
- A將床頭抬高至 45 度
抬高床頭能利用重力效應緩解腦部充血壓力,是護理師在藥物介入前唯一能即時執行的非侵入性減壓措施,有助降低腦血管損傷風險。
- B執行全面的神經學評估
神經學評估是持續性監測的重點,但不能因此延誤物理減壓的時間。在緊急情況下,護理師應同步進行評估與執行姿勢擺位。
- C給予處方口服降血壓藥物
高血壓急症需要的是靜脈藥物控制,口服藥吸收慢且無法精準滴定,對此類危急狀態療效不足,甚至會造成血壓驟降導致腦灌流不足。
- D · 正確答案準備給予靜脈血管擴張劑治療
靜脈血管擴張劑是治療主軸,但必須具備醫師醫囑與靜脈通路建立。在等待藥物準備期間,床頭抬高是護理師最能優先執行的安全姿勢。
美國醫院針對高血壓急症常有預設的護理師執行常規(Standing Orders)以快速給予 IV 藥物,台灣則較嚴謹,必須確認醫師開立醫囑後才能給予抗高血壓藥物,護理師的角色多側重於監測與通報。
English explanation
Option D is correct because a blood pressure of 220/130 mmHg with severe headache and blurred vision indicates acute target-organ injury with typical hypertensive encephalopathy findings, making this a hypertensive emergency. Under 2025 AHA/ACC guidance, the client requires intensive care, close blood pressure monitoring, and controlled reduction with intravenous antihypertensive medication, so preparation for intravenous vasodilator therapy is the priority. Option A is incorrect because elevating the head of the bed to 45 degrees is a positioning and comfort measure that neither lowers blood pressure nor takes priority. Option B is incorrect because a comprehensive neurological assessment is necessary but should occur alongside treatment and cannot replace immediate preparation to lower blood pressure. Option C is incorrect because oral antihypertensive medication is absorbed slowly and cannot provide precisely controlled reduction. Severe hypertension above 180/120 mmHg without acute organ injury is instead managed by restarting or intensifying oral therapy with close outpatient follow-up, but the symptoms here place the client in the emergency category.
最近修訂:2026-08-26