一位接受血液透析的末期腎臟病（ESRD）病人出現嚴重搔癢（pruritus）。何項措施最為恰當？
A client with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis develops severe itching (pruritus). Which intervention is most appropriate?
- AEncourage the client to drink more fluids鼓勵病人多喝水
- BIncrease the frequency of dialysis treatments增加透析治療頻率
- CAdminister an oral antihistamine✓ 正解給予口服抗組織胺
- DApply a cool, moist compress敷上冷濕敷布
末期腎臟病（ESRD）病人出現嚴重搔癢（尿毒性搔癢，Uremic pruritus），通常與體內尿毒素累積、血磷過高導致的鈣磷沉積，或副甲狀腺亢進有關。口服抗組織胺藥物（如 Diphenhydramine）是緩解搔癢的常用臨床介入，能阻斷組織胺引起的搔癢反應。其他選項如冷敷僅能緩解表層症狀，增加透析頻率需由醫師判斷，而喝水對尿毒素清除幫助極其有限。
Severe pruritus in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (uremic pruritus) is typically related to accumulation of uremic toxins, elevated serum phosphate causing calcium-phosphate deposition, or secondary hyperparathyroidism. Oral antihistamines (such as diphenhydramine) are a commonly used clinical intervention for relieving pruritus by blocking the histamine-mediated itch response. Other options, such as cold compresses, provide only superficial symptomatic relief; increasing dialysis frequency must be determined by the physician; and increased fluid intake is of very limited benefit in clearing uremic toxins.