若胸管病人的評估發現下列何種徵象,應考慮發生張力性氣胸?(選所有適合的)
Which assessment findings indicate that a client with a chest tube is experiencing a tension pneumothorax? (Select all that apply.)
- ATracheal deviation to the unaffected side✓ 正解氣管向未受損側偏移
- BSudden onset of severe dyspnea✓ 正解突然發作的嚴重呼吸困難
- CHypotension and tachycardia✓ 正解低血壓和心搏過速
- DIncreased breath sounds on the affected side患側呼吸音增強
- EDistended neck veins✓ 正解頸靜脈擴張
張力性氣胸(Tension pneumothorax)是一種危及生命的急症,發生於空氣進入胸膜腔後無法排出,導致胸腔內壓力持續升高。這種壓力不僅壓迫肺部,還會將縱膈腔(mediastinum)的結構(包括氣管、心臟、大血管)推向健側。因此,氣管偏移(tracheal deviation)至對側(unaffected side)是張力性氣胸的典型徵象。同時,空氣的積聚會嚴重阻礙心肺功能,導致突發性嚴重呼吸困難(sudden onset of severe dyspnea)、低血壓(hypotension)和心搏過速(tachycardia),因為心臟回流受阻,輸出量下降。此外,胸腔內壓力升高也會壓迫上腔靜脈,導致頸靜脈怒張(distended neck veins)。患側的呼吸音通常會減弱或消失,而非增加。
Tension pneumothorax causes increased intrathoracic pressure that pushes the mediastinum to the unaffected side, resulting in tracheal deviation. This condition leads to sudden severe dyspnea, hypotension, and tachycardia due to obstructive shock from impaired venous return. Additionally, distended neck veins occur because the high pressure impedes blood flow back to the heart, while breath sounds on the affected side are typically absent.
判斷張力性氣胸的徵象,無論在美國或台灣的臨床指引中,都是一致且標準化的。兩地都強調氣管偏移、嚴重呼吸困難、低血壓、心搏過速和頸靜脈怒張。然而,在緊急處置的培訓和執行上,美國的急診系統可能更強調快速識別並立即進行胸腔穿刺減壓(needle decompression)的準備。台灣的訓練也包含此內容,但實際執行上,可能更傾向於在確認診斷後,由特定醫師團隊(如胸腔外科、急診醫師)進行處置,RN 的角色則更側重於協助準備器械、監測病人生命徵象及提供支持。