護理師評估一位疑似顱內壓增高(ICP)的病人。下列哪些發現支持此診斷?(選所有適合的)
The nurse is evaluating a client with suspected increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Which findings would support this diagnosis? (Select all that apply.)
- AWidening pulse pressure✓ 正解脈搏壓變寬
- BBradycardia✓ 正解心動過緩
- CConstricted pupils (miosis)瞳孔縮小 (miosis)
- DProjectile vomiting✓ 正解噴射狀嘔吐
- EDecreased level of consciousness✓ 正解意識程度下降
顱內壓增高(Increased ICP)的病理生理機制與臨床表徵。顱內壓增高的典型徵象包括「庫欣氏三病徵」(Cushing's triad):血壓升高(特別是收縮壓)導致脈搏壓變寬(A)、呼吸不規則、以及心跳過緩(B),這是腦部因缺氧而啟動的自律神經補償機制。意識狀態改變(E)通常是 ICP 升高最早期且最敏感的指標,因為大腦皮質對缺氧極為敏感。噴射狀嘔吐(D)則是因壓力直接刺激延腦的嘔吐中樞,且通常不伴隨噁心感。選項 C 錯誤,因為 ICP 增高通常導致瞳孔散大(Mydriasis)或對光反應遲鈍,而非收縮,這是動眼神經(CN III)受壓的結果。護理核心在於早期識別這些徵象,以預防腦疝脫(Herniation)等致命後果。
Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is supported by widening pulse pressure and bradycardia, which are components of Cushing's triad reflecting compensatory mechanisms. Additionally, projectile vomiting without nausea and a decreased level of consciousness are classic signs of direct pressure on the brainstem and early neurological compromise.
美國護理教育極度強調 Cushing's triad 作為評估 ICP 的黃金準則,並與 Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 緊密結合;台灣臨床上除了 GCS,亦非常重視瞳孔大小與對光反應的紀錄,在處理上兩國皆以預防腦疝為最終目標,但美國更強調護理師在發現症狀時立即啟動 Rapid Response Team 的獨立判斷力。