護理師正在教導一位新手媽媽關於母乳哺育。下列關於新生兒營養與健康促進的資訊，護理師應包含哪些？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is teaching a new mother about breastfeeding. Which information regarding newborn nutrition and health promotion should the nurse include? (Select all that apply.)
- AExclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first 6 months of life✓ 正解建議出生後前 6 個月純母乳哺育
- BBreastfed infants should receive a daily vitamin D supplement starting in the first few days✓ 正解母乳哺育的嬰兒應從出生後幾天開始每日補充維生素 D
- CCows' milk can be introduced as an alternative to breast milk after 6 months6 個月後可引入牛奶作為母乳的替代品
- DBreast milk contains antibodies that help protect the infant from infections✓ 正解母乳含有幫助保護嬰兒免受感染的抗體
- EFeeding should be based on infant hunger cues rather than a strict schedule✓ 正解餵食應依據嬰兒的飢餓訊號而非嚴格的時間表
母乳哺育是新生兒健康促進的基石。核心指引建議在嬰兒出生後前 6 個月進行純母乳哺育（Exclusive breastfeeding），因為母乳含有最理想的營養比例與母體抗體（選項 A、D），可降低中耳炎、呼吸道感染及嬰兒猝死症風險。然而，母乳中的維生素 D 含量不足，為預防佝僂病，指引建議純母乳哺育的嬰兒從出生幾天內就開始每日補充 400 IU 維生素 D（選項 B）。餵食應採「需求餵食」（On-demand），即觀察飢餓徵兆（如尋乳反射、吸吮手）而非定時（選項 E）。至於選項 C，一歲以下的嬰兒腸胃道與腎臟尚未發育完全，嚴禁餵食純牛奶，否則可能導致腸道出血或貧血。臨床思路上，護理師應強調母乳的生物價值與補充微量營養素的必要性。
The World Health Organization and AAP recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months to provide optimal nutrition and passive immunity via secretory IgA. Because breast milk is low in vitamin D, daily supplementation should begin within the first few days to prevent rickets. Feeding should follow infant hunger cues rather than a rigid schedule to support self-regulation, and cow's milk is contraindicated before age one due to immature renal function and nutrient deficiencies.
美國兒科學會（AAP）對於維生素 D 補充的要求非常嚴格，護理師會主動確認家長是否有購買補充滴劑。台灣臨床實務中，部分家長可能因傳統觀念認為母乳全能而忽略維生素 D，護理師需特別加強此點的實證衛教。