一位有慢性疼痛病史的病人表示疼痛指數為 8/10。護理師可採取哪些非藥物介入措施？（選所有適合的）
A client with a history of chronic pain reports pain level of 8/10. Which non-pharmacological interventions are appropriate for the nurse to implement? (Select all that apply.)
- AGuided imagery✓ 正解引導式想像
- BProgressive muscle relaxation✓ 正解漸進式肌肉放鬆
- CApplication of a heating pad to an acute injury在急性傷害處應用熱敷墊
- DDistraction techniques✓ 正解分心技巧
- ETranscutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)✓ 正解經皮神經電刺激 (TENS)
對於慢性疼痛（Chronic pain）的照護，非藥物介入（Non-pharmacological interventions）旨在透過輔助療法減輕對止痛藥的依賴，並運用心理與生理機制緩解痛感。護理師應採取多面向策略，包括認知行為技巧、物理治療與神經刺激。正確選項皆能活化門閥控制理論（Gate Control Theory）或轉移注意力，進而調節疼痛感知。反之，熱敷若用於急性受傷（Acute injury）會導致血管擴張，加劇局部腫脹與發炎反應，故在急性期為禁忌。
Potassium chloride is a high-alert medication that must never be given via IV push due to the risk of fatal cardiac arrhythmias. It requires careful administration using an infusion pump to control the rate, which should not exceed 10-20 mEq/hr through a peripheral line. Frequent assessment of the IV site is crucial to detect infiltration, as potassium is highly irritating to tissues.