一位病人正透過鼻胃管接受連續性腸道營養。為預防吸入性肺炎,下列哪項護理措施至關重要?
A client is receiving continuous enteral nutrition via a nasogastric tube. To prevent aspiration, which nursing action is essential?
- ATurn the feeding pump off when the client is coughing.當病人咳嗽時關閉灌食幫浦
- BFlush the tube with 100 mL of water every 4 hours.每4小時以100 mL水分沖洗管路
- CPlace the client in a supine position during the feeding.灌食期間將病人置於仰臥位
- DKeep the head of the bed elevated at least 30 to 45 degrees.✓ 正解將床頭抬高至少30至45度
預防灌食相關吸入的核心在於「半坐臥位」。利用重力原理將食糜維持在胃內,減少逆流(Reflux)的機率。對於接受連續灌食(Continuous feeding)的病人,床頭(HOB)應常時維持在 30-45 度。若因護理(如翻身、更換床單)需暫時放平,必須先暫停灌食幫浦。選項 B 的沖水量(100 mL)過大,一般沖洗只需 30 mL。選項 C(仰臥位)是吸入性肺炎的高風險姿勢。選項 A 雖然咳嗽時應注意,但預防吸入的主動措施是姿勢維持。此外,護理師應每 4-6 小時檢查胃殘餘量(GRV),雖然目前的實證對於 GRV 的指導意義有爭議,但在 NCLEX 中,監測殘餘量仍是評估灌食耐受度的一環。維持床頭抬高是降低呼吸機相關肺炎(VAP)與吸入性肺炎最有效的簡單措施。
Elevating the head of the bed to at least 30 to 45 degrees utilizes gravity to keep formula in the stomach and significantly reduces the risk of gastric reflux and aspiration. This proactive positioning is the most effective nursing intervention for preventing aspiration during continuous enteral feeding.
美國醫院多使用自動警報感測器監控床頭角度(HOB alarm);台灣臨床上護理師需手動調整並常在床頭貼上「灌食中請抬高床頭」的告示,且台灣對於 GRV 超過 100-150 mL 即考慮暫停灌食的標準較美國常見(美國近年放寬至 250-500 mL)。