護理師指導高血壓病人關於可改變的危險因子，下列哪些應該包含？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is teaching a client about modifiable risk factors for hypertension. Which of the following should be included? (Select all that apply.)
- ASmoking cessation✓ 正解戒菸
- BDaily aerobic exercise✓ 正解每日有氧運動
- CAge年齡
- DAlcohol consumption reduction✓ 正解減少酒精攝取
- ESalt intake limitation✓ 正解限制鹽分攝取
高血壓的預防與控制核心在於生活型態的調整。NCLEX 考試重點在於區分「可改變」與「不可改變」的危險因子。可改變因子是透過病人的行為改變能直接影響血壓調節機制（如血管阻力、體液平衡），進而降低心血管併發症的風險。吸菸會導致血管收縮並損害內皮功能；缺乏運動與肥胖會增加代謝負擔；過量酒精與高鈉飲食則會導致水鈉滯留，直接升高血壓。年齡屬於不可改變因子，儘管血管隨歲月老化是病理事實，但無法透過行為介入修正。
Modifiable risk factors for hypertension include smoking cessation, daily aerobic exercise, reducing alcohol consumption, and limiting salt intake, as these behaviors directly impact vascular health and fluid balance. Age is a non-modifiable risk factor, so it is excluded from lifestyle modification teaching. Interventions focus on reducing arterial resistance and preventing sodium-induced fluid retention.