下列哪些臨床症狀符合創傷後壓力症候群（PTSD）的診斷？（選所有適合的）
Which of the following signs and symptoms are consistent with the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? (Select all that apply.)
- AFlashbacks or reliving the traumatic event✓ 正解閃回或重歷創傷事件
- BAvoidance of people, places, or thoughts associated with the trauma✓ 正解逃避與創傷相關的人、地點或想法
- CPersistent state of hyperarousal and exaggerated startle response✓ 正解持續的高度警覺狀態與誇張的驚嚇反應
- DIncreased interest in previously enjoyed social activities對過去喜愛的社交活動興趣增加
- ENegative alterations in cognition and mood✓ 正解認知與情緒的負面改變
PTSD 的核心診斷標準包括四大面向：侵入性症狀（如夢魘、回憶）、逃避行為（刻意避開相關觸發點）、過度警覺（如驚嚇反應強烈）、以及認知與情緒的負面改變。興趣增加不屬於 PTSD 的臨床表現，相反地，個案通常會出現社交退縮與冷漠感。
Post-traumatic stress disorder is characterized by intrusive symptoms such as flashbacks, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, persistent hyperarousal, and negative alterations in cognition and mood. These symptoms reflect the nervous system's perpetual state of alert and the individual's emotional withdrawal. Increased interest in social activities contradicts the typical presentation of anhedonia and social isolation seen in PTSD.
台灣目前針對 PTSD 的社區篩檢較美國少，常見於退伍軍人或重大災難後，護理人員在精神科病房的衛教重點在於協助重塑安全感。