病人被給予肝素（Heparin）。若發生出血，解毒劑是什麼？

Protamine sulfate（魚精蛋白）是 Heparin 的專一性拮抗劑，當發生嚴重出血或肝素過量時，需透過 Protamine 進行解毒。Vitamin K 是 Warfarin 的解毒劑，Calcium gluconate 用於治療鎂中毒。

In fluid volume deficit, reduced intravascular volume leads to compensatory peripheral vasoconstriction to preserve blood flow to vital organs, resulting in delayed capillary refill time. This sign is a sensitive indicator of poor peripheral perfusion associated with hypovolemia. Conversely, bounding pulses and distended neck veins suggest fluid volume excess, while serum osmolality typically increases rather than decreases due to hemoconcentration.

兩地藥物安全教育皆列為考題重點，鑑別不同抗凝血藥物的解毒劑是護理專業基本功。