— 藥理與非經腸給藥 · MEDIUM · SATA —
病人正接受肝素（Heparin）靜脈輸注。護理師應監測哪些徵兆以早期發現出血併發症？（選所有適合的）
A client is prescribed Heparin infusion. Which signs should the nurse monitor to identify early bleeding complications? (Select all that apply.)
- ABruising at the injection site✓ 正解注射部位的瘀青
- BGingival bleeding while brushing✓ 正解刷牙時的牙齦出血
- CDark, tarry stools✓ 正解黑色柏油樣糞便
- DDecreased heart rate心率下降
- EHematuria✓ 正解血尿
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
肝素（Heparin）是一種抗凝血劑，其作用機轉為增強抗凝血酶 III（Antithrombin III）的活性，進而抑制凝血因子。使用此類藥物時，病人出血風險會顯著增加。護理師需監測潛在的出血徵兆，包括黏膜出血（牙齦）、消化道出血（黑便）、泌尿道出血（血尿）以及皮下出血（瘀青），以期能早期發現並調整藥物劑量。
Nurses must monitor for signs of bleeding such as bruising, gingival bleeding, dark tarry stools, and hematuria, as heparin increases the risk of hemorrhage. These indicators reflect potential capillary, mucosal, gastrointestinal, or urinary tract bleeding associated with anticoagulation therapy.