護理師正在照護一名有心臟衰竭病史並接受靜脈輸液的病人。下列哪項評估結果最可能顯示病人正出現體液過負荷(fluid volume excess)?
A nurse is caring for a client with a history of heart failure who is receiving intravenous (IV) fluids. Which assessment finding most likely indicates the client is developing fluid volume excess?
- AA blood pressure of 110/70 mmHg血壓 110/70 mmHg
- BCrackles auscultated in the lung bases✓ 正解肺底聽診可聞及捻发音
- CFlattened neck veins when supine仰臥時頸靜脈塌陷
- DA heart rate of 62 beats/minute心率 62 次/分鐘
心臟衰竭病人在接受輸液時,最大的風險是循環超負荷。當心臟無法有效泵出多餘液體時,液體會回流至肺部循環,導致肺水腫。肺部聽診出現濕囉音(Crackles),尤其是從肺底(bases)開始向上延伸,是體液過負荷最敏感且具臨床意義的體徵。護理師應立即停止或減慢輸液,抬高床頭,並通知醫師。其他選項:平臥時頸靜脈扁平(C)通常代表血容量不足;心率 62(D)與血壓 110/70(A)均在正常範圍內,無法支持體液過負荷的診斷。掌握「肺部聽診」作為輸液監測的標準,是降低病人發生急性肺水腫風險的核心護理技能。
Crackles auscultated in the lung bases are the most sensitive indicator of fluid volume excess in a client with heart failure, signaling pulmonary edema due to circulatory overload. Other findings such as normal blood pressure, normal heart rate, or flattened neck veins do not support a diagnosis of fluid excess.
在美國護理實務中,護理師發現 Crackles 時有權啟動「Fluid Restriction Protocol」或暫停輸液,隨後回報醫師。台灣臨床上,護理師發現異常後通常第一時間通知醫師,由醫師下達調整輸液速度的醫囑,但在評估技能的要求上兩者是一致的。