— 照護管理 · MEDIUM · SATA —
護理師採取下列哪些行為最能體現對病人的倡導（Advocacy）？（選所有適合的）
Which of the following actions by the nurse best demonstrates advocacy for a client? (Select all that apply.)
- AIntervening when a physician prescribes a medication to which the client is allergic✓ 正解當醫師開立病人過敏藥物時進行介入
- BRespecting a client's choice to refuse a blood transfusion despite critical anemia✓ 正解尊重病人拒絕輸血的選擇，儘管患有嚴重貧血
- CEnsuring the client understands the risks and benefits of a surgery before signing consent✓ 正解確保病人在簽署同意書前了解手術的風險與益處
- DSharing the client’s medical records with family members without explicit permission未經明確許可將病人的醫療紀錄分享給家屬
- EClarifying with the surgeon why a DNR order was disregarded during a code✓ 正解向外科醫師澄清為何在急救過程中忽視了 DNR 指示
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
護理師作為病人的倡導者（Advocate），其核心責任是保護病人的權利、尊嚴與安全。當醫療決策違反病人意願或威脅其安全時，護理師有道德義務介入。這包括確保病人獲得充分資訊以行使知情同意（Informed consent）、尊重其拒絕治療的權利，並在醫療疏失或溝通錯誤發生時，積極向醫療團隊提出質疑。倡導的核心是確保「病人利益最大化」。
Nursing advocacy centers on protecting client rights, dignity, and safety by intervening when decisions threaten well-being or violate autonomy. This includes ensuring informed consent through comprehensive education, respecting refusal of treatment, and clarifying discrepancies such as ignored DNR orders. These actions prioritize the client's best interests above all else.
✦ 台美臨床差異
美國非常強調 HIPAA 病人隱私保護，嚴格限制對家屬透露資訊，除非病人授權。台灣臨床上對家屬告知的界線較為模糊，常會先告知家屬，但在 NCLEX 考試中，必須嚴格遵守「病人隱私至上」的原則。