護理師正在監測一位正在輸血的病人。下列哪些徵象可能代表病人發生了溶血性輸血反應?(選所有適合的)
A nurse is monitoring a client receiving a blood transfusion. Which of the following findings would indicate a possible hemolytic transfusion reaction? (Select all that apply.)
- AHypotension低血壓正確答案
- BLower back pain下背部疼痛正確答案
- CFever and chills發燒與畏寒正確答案
- DUrticaria and itching蕁麻疹與搔癢
- EHemoglobinuria血紅素尿正確答案
- A低血壓
- B下背部疼痛
- C發燒與畏寒
- E血紅素尿
急性溶血性輸血反應(Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction)是輸血過程中最嚴重的併發症之一,通常源於 ABO 血型不相容。其病理機轉是受體抗體攻擊供體紅血球,導致細胞大量破碎釋放血紅素。核心臨床表徵包括:1. 腰背部疼痛(Lower back pain),這是由於血紅素複合物在腎小管沉積所致,具有高度特異性;2. 發燒與畏寒,這是免疫反應觸發的全身性發炎;3. 低血壓(Hypotension)甚至休克,因為血管活性物質釋放;4. 血紅素尿(Hemoglobinuria),尿液呈現暗紅色。選項 D 的蕁麻疹與搔癢則是「過敏反應」(Allergic reaction)的典型表現,通常不屬於溶血反應的範圍。護理師一旦懷疑溶血,必須立即停止輸血,更換生理食鹽水維持管路,並通報醫師與血庫。這種臨床判斷力能大幅降低醫療過失風險,確保病人生命安全。
- A · 正確答案低血壓
低血壓是溶血反應導致全身性發炎反應及循環衰竭的徵兆。當大量紅血球被破壞,釋出的細胞因子會導致血管舒張及通透性增加,若不立即處理可能進展為致命性的心血管休克。
- B · 正確答案下背部疼痛
腰背部疼痛是溶血反應的經典特徵。釋放出的血紅素會通過血液進入腎臟,導致腎小管堵塞或急性損傷,病人常會主訴腰部劇烈不適。這在區別診斷中是非常關鍵的臨床指標。
- C · 正確答案發燒與畏寒
發燒與畏寒是身體對抗不相容紅血球的初步防禦反應。雖然這也出現在非溶血性發燒反應中,但在出現腰痛或低血壓時,必須高度懷疑是溶血性反應,不能掉以輕心。
- D蕁麻疹與搔癢
蕁麻疹與搔癢是過敏性輸血反應(Allergic Reaction)的主徵,主要由血漿中的蛋白質引起。溶血反應主要涉及細胞破壞,通常不會以此類皮膚症狀為首發或核心表現。
- E · 正確答案血紅素尿
血紅素尿是由於紅血球大量在血管內溶血,釋出的血紅素超過了結合蛋白的承載量,進而由尿液排出。尿液顏色會變深或呈咖啡色,這是確認溶血性反應的重要實驗室觀察指標。
在美國,輸血反應發生時,護理師除了停止輸血,還必須保留血袋、所有管路甚至第一劑尿液樣本送往血庫重新檢驗;台灣臨床亦有相似規範,但美國更強調護理師在發現反應當下即刻進行獨立判斷與處置,而非等待醫師確認後才停止輸血。
English explanation
An acute hemolytic transfusion reaction is one of the most serious complications during transfusion, usually caused by ABO incompatibility. Its pathophysiology involves recipient antibodies attacking donor red blood cells, causing massive cellular destruction and release of hemoglobin. Core clinical features include: 1. Lower back pain, due to deposition of hemoglobin complexes in the renal tubules, which is highly specific; 2. Fever and chills, from systemic inflammation triggered by the immune response; 3. Hypotension and even shock, due to release of vasoactive substances; 4. Hemoglobinuria, with dark red urine. Option D (urticaria and itching) represents a typical allergic reaction and does not generally fall within the scope of hemolytic reactions. Once a hemolytic reaction is suspected, the nurse must immediately stop the transfusion, switch to normal saline to maintain the line, and notify the provider and blood bank. This clinical judgment greatly reduces medical error risk and ensures patient safety.
最近修訂:2026-05-17