護理師正在教導一位新診斷高血壓的個案關於生活型態調整。護理師應建議哪些行動？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is teaching a client with newly diagnosed hypertension about lifestyle modifications. Which actions should the nurse recommend? (Select all that apply.)
- AAim for a Body Mass Index (BMI) between 18.5 and 24.9.✓ 正解將身體質量指數（BMI）維持在 18.5 至 24.9 之間。
- BLimit alcohol intake to no more than two drinks per day for men.✓ 正解男性每日酒精攝取量不超過兩份飲料。
- CReduce sodium intake to less than 2,300 mg per day.✓ 正解將鈉攝取量減少至每日少於 2,300 毫克。
- DEngage in aerobic physical activity at least 30 minutes most days.✓ 正解在大多數日子進行至少 30 分鐘的有氧體能活動。
- ESwitch from regular cigarettes to e-cigarettes.從傳統香菸轉換成電子煙。
此題旨在評估護理師對高血壓生活型態調整的全面理解。高血壓是一種常見的慢性疾病，若未妥善控制，會大幅增加心血管疾病、中風和腎臟病的風險。除了藥物治療外，生活型態的調整是高血壓管理基石，甚至可能減少藥物需求。護理師在衛教時，應提供個案多面向的建議，包括體重管理、飲食調整、酒精攝取控制及規律運動。這些綜合性的介入措施能協同作用，有效降低血壓，提升整體心血管健康。正確的衛教能賦能個案，使其積極參與自身健康管理。
Lifestyle modification is foundational in newly diagnosed hypertension and may reduce or eliminate the need for medication. Evidence-based recommendations include achieving a healthy BMI (18.5-24.9), limiting alcohol intake (up to two drinks/day for men, one for women), restricting sodium to less than 2,300 mg/day, and engaging in at least 30 minutes of moderate aerobic activity most days. Switching to e-cigarettes is not appropriate because they still contain nicotine, a vasoconstrictor that raises blood pressure.
高血壓的生活型態調整建議在美國和台灣是高度一致的。兩地的臨床指南都強調減重、限鈉、限酒、規律運動和戒菸的重要性。護理師在兩地提供的衛教內容會依循相同的循證醫學原則。關於電子煙的危害，兩地醫學界也都持相同觀點，不建議將其作為戒菸或降低風險的替代品。