護理師正在評估病人對配偶過世的反應。下列哪些發現顯示病人可能正在經歷適應不良（複雜性）悲傷？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is evaluating a client's response to the death of a spouse. Which findings would suggest that the client is experiencing maladaptive (complicated) grief? (Select all that apply.)
- AThe client has been unable to return to work 8 months after the loss✓ 正解個案在喪失親人 8 個月後仍無法返回工作崗位
- BThe client expresses occasional sadness when looking at photographs個案在看照片時偶爾感到悲傷
- CThe client keeps the deceased spouse's room exactly as it was for over a year✓ 正解個案將亡妻的房間維持原狀超過一年
- DThe client experiences recurrent suicidal ideation to 'join' the spouse✓ 正解個案出現反覆的自殺意念，想要『與』配偶團聚
- EThe client reports a gradual increase in social activities after 6 months個案報告在 6 個月後社交活動逐漸增加
正常悲傷與複雜性悲傷（Maladaptive/Complicated Grief）的區別在於時間長度與功能受損程度。正常的悲傷雖然痛苦，但通常能隨著時間恢復社會功能。複雜性悲傷的特徵包括：長期無法恢復正常生活功能（如 8 個月仍無法工作）、過度固著於逝者（如一年後仍維持房間原貌，拒絕面對現實）、以及出現病理性思維（如自殺念頭以求團圓）。選項 B（看照片感傷）和 E（社交增加）都是功能逐漸修復的正常表現。護理重點在於識別這些紅旗指標，以便轉介心理諮商或精神科介入。
The distinction between normal grief and maladaptive (complicated) grief lies in duration and degree of functional impairment. Normal grief, although painful, generally allows the individual to resume social functioning over time. Complicated grief is characterized by prolonged inability to return to normal life roles (such as being unable to work after 8 months), excessive fixation on the deceased (such as maintaining the spouse's room unchanged after a year, refusing to confront reality), and pathological thoughts (such as suicidal ideation aimed at reuniting with the deceased). Options B (occasional sadness when looking at photos) and E (increased social activity) reflect normal, gradual recovery of function. The nursing priority is to recognize these red flags so that the client can be referred to mental health counseling or psychiatric care.
美國對於「複雜性悲傷」有較明確的診斷標準（DSM-5-TR 中稱為延長哀悼障礙）。台灣文化中對於維持往生者遺物可能受傳統祭祀或情感觀念影響，護理師需在文化敏感與功能評估間取得平衡，但自殺意念與完全喪失社會功能在兩地皆視為危險訊號。