護理師準備對病人靜脈輸注氯化鉀。哪些安全措施是適當的？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is preparing to administer potassium chloride IV to a client. Which of the following safety measures are appropriate? (Select all that apply.)
- AVerify the concentration does not exceed 10 mEq/L for peripheral access✓ 正解確認周邊給藥濃度不超過 10 mEq/L
- BEnsure the client has adequate urine output✓ 正解確保病人有足夠的尿量
- CAdminister as an IV bolus to correct hypokalemia quickly作為靜脈推注以快速糾正低血鉀症
- DUse an infusion pump for delivery✓ 正解使用輸注幫浦給藥
- ECheck the IV site for signs of phlebitis✓ 正解檢查靜脈穿刺處是否有靜脈炎跡象
鉀離子靜脈輸注具高風險。必須確保濃度安全（周邊輸注濃度不宜過高）、腎功能正常（尿量 > 30 mL/hr）以防高血鉀。必須嚴格使用輸液幫浦控制流速，並隨時監控注射部位以防滲漏導致組織壞死。絕對禁止 IV 推注（Bolus）。
IV potassium chloride is high risk. Concentrations for peripheral lines should generally be ≤10 mEq/100 mL (commonly cited limit) and the rate must not exceed 10 mEq/hr; central access is preferred for higher concentrations. Adequate urine output (>30 mL/hr) must be confirmed to avoid dangerous hyperkalemia. An infusion pump is mandatory to control rate, and the IV site must be assessed frequently because KCl is a vesicant that causes phlebitis and tissue necrosis if extravasated. IV push (bolus) of potassium is absolutely contraindicated as it can cause fatal arrhythmia.
台灣醫院常有嚴格的輸液監控規定；美國則依據各州護理執業法規，對高警訊藥物有標準化的核對流程。