護理師照護一位末期病人，病人感到強烈呼吸困難（空氣飢餓感）。哪項措施能優先提供舒適感？
A nurse is caring for a client who is terminally ill and experiencing air hunger (dyspnea). Which intervention should the nurse prioritize to provide comfort?
- APerform frequent chest physiotherapy頻繁進行胸部物理治療
- BAdminister high-flow oxygen給予高流量氧氣
- CIncrease the IV fluid rate增加靜脈輸液速率
- DAdminister low-dose morphine✓ 正解給予低劑量嗎啡
在臨終照護中，嗎啡（Morphine）是處理呼吸困難的黃金標準，能透過抑制呼吸中樞對缺氧的過度反應及放鬆血管平滑肌，減輕空氣飢餓感。高流量氧氣對末期病人效益有限且影響生活品質；胸腔物理治療對瀕死病人過於耗力且無益。液體過多反而會導致肺水腫，增加呼吸負擔。
In end-of-life care, morphine is the gold standard for managing dyspnea; it suppresses the respiratory center's exaggerated response to hypoxia and relaxes vascular smooth muscle, thereby relieving air hunger. High-flow oxygen has limited benefit for the dying client and may impair quality of life; chest physiotherapy is too exhausting and unhelpful for the dying client; and excess fluids actually cause pulmonary edema and increase respiratory burden.
美國安寧護理極為成熟，護理師可依 protocol 給予嗎啡緩解呼吸困難；台灣安寧照護雖已普及，但止痛藥與鎮靜藥的使用常需更審慎評估。