護理師照護有壓瘡病史的病人，應包含哪些措施以預防皮膚進一步潰瘍？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client with a history of pressure ulcers. Which interventions should be included in the care plan to prevent further skin breakdown? (Select all that apply.)
- ATurn the client every 2 hours✓ 正解每 2 小時為病人翻身
- BKeep the skin clean and dry✓ 正解保持皮膚清潔乾燥
- CUse a high-protein, calorie-dense diet✓ 正解提供高蛋白、高熱量飲食
- DMassage the bony prominences frequently經常按摩骨突處
- EApply a barrier cream to the skin✓ 正解在皮膚上塗抹防護霜
壓瘡的預防在於降低壓力、摩擦力與剪力，並改善皮膚血液循環與代謝。護理計畫必須包含規律的翻身（減壓）、維持皮膚清潔與乾燥（避免浸潤）、提供足夠的蛋白質與熱量以促進組織修復。針對高危險群，使用防護霜可減少排泄物對皮膚的化學性刺激。應避免按摩骨突處，因為按摩會導致皮下組織受到剪力損傷，甚至造成深層組織受損。
Pressure ulcer prevention focuses on reducing pressure, friction, and shear forces and on improving skin perfusion and metabolism. The care plan must include regular repositioning (to relieve pressure), keeping the skin clean and dry (to avoid maceration), and providing adequate protein and calories to support tissue repair. For high-risk clients, barrier creams reduce chemical irritation from incontinence. Massaging over bony prominences should be avoided because it can cause shear injury to subcutaneous tissue and even deep tissue damage.