哪些護理措施適合用於腹部手術後病人，以預防術後肺炎？（選所有適合的）
Which of the following interventions are appropriate for a client recovering from an abdominal surgery to prevent postoperative pneumonia? (Select all that apply.)
- AEncouraging the use of an incentive spirometer every 1-2 hours✓ 正解鼓勵每 1-2 小時使用誘導式肺量計
- BAssisting the client to turn, cough, and deep breathe✓ 正解協助病人翻身、咳嗽及深呼吸
- CAdministering prophylactic antibiotics as prescribed依醫囑給予預防性抗生素
- DEncouraging early ambulation✓ 正解鼓勵早期下床活動
- EMaintaining the client in a supine position to promote comfort維持病人仰臥位以促進舒適
預防術後肺炎的核心在於維持肺擴張與呼吸道暢通。使用誘發性肺量計（Incentive Spirometer）與深呼吸咳嗽練習（Turn, Cough, Deep Breathe）可促進肺泡擴張；早期下床活動可增加肺活量並促進痰液排出。抗生素雖用於預防感染，但不直接針對肺部塌陷問題；平躺姿勢會限制肺部擴張，應鼓勵採半坐臥位。
The cornerstone of preventing postoperative pneumonia is maintaining lung expansion and airway patency. Use of an incentive spirometer along with turning, coughing, and deep breathing exercises promotes alveolar expansion; early ambulation increases vital capacity and helps mobilize secretions. Antibiotics are used to treat infection but do not directly address atelectasis; a supine position limits lung expansion, so a semi-Fowler's position should be encouraged instead.
美國醫院有專門的護理計畫書（Care Bundles）針對肺部併發症，台灣則依賴護理師的臨床警覺與主動執行能力。