病人使用 TPN，哪些徵兆顯示可能感染？（選所有適合的）
A client is on TPN. Which of these are signs of infection? (Select all that apply.)
- AFever✓ 正解發燒
- BChills✓ 正解畏寒
- CRedness at the catheter site✓ 正解導管穿刺處紅腫
- DHyperglycemia✓ 正解高血糖
- EWeight gain體重增加
全靜脈營養（Total Parenteral Nutrition, TPN）含有高濃度葡萄糖、胺基酸及脂質，是細菌滋生的良好培養基。感染徵兆包含全身性反應（發燒、畏寒）與導管相關局部反應（紅腫痛）。此外，因TPN導致的代謝性壓力或敗血症引起的胰島素阻抗，常伴隨高血糖。護理師應定期監測生命徵象與血糖，並嚴格執行無菌操作以預防導管相關血流感染（CRBSI）。
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) contains high concentrations of glucose, amino acids, and lipids, providing an excellent medium for bacterial growth. Signs of infection include systemic responses (fever, chills) and local catheter-related findings (redness, swelling, pain). In addition, metabolic stress from TPN or insulin resistance triggered by sepsis often produces hyperglycemia. The nurse should monitor vital signs and blood glucose regularly and strictly maintain aseptic technique to prevent catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI).
美國臨床對TPN管路維護極為嚴格，通常要求使用專用管腔（Dedicated line），且更換輸注套管有嚴格的無菌技術規範（Aseptic technique）。