護理師指導 55 歲男性透過生活型態改變降低心血管疾病風險，哪些內容應包含在內？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is teaching a 55-year-old male about lifestyle modifications to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Which of the following should be included? (Select all that apply.)
- ASmoking cessation✓ 正解戒菸
- BMaintaining a body mass index (BMI) between 18.5-24.9✓ 正解維持體重指數 (BMI) 在 18.5-24.9 之間
- CAt least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week✓ 正解每週至少 150 分鐘的中等強度有氧運動
- DLimiting saturated fats to less than 7% of total caloric intake✓ 正解將飽和脂肪攝取量限制在總熱量攝取的 7% 以下
- EDaily consumption of red wine for cardioprotection每天飲用紅酒以保護心臟
心血管疾病（Cardiovascular disease, CVD）的一級預防核心在於透過修正可控危險因子來降低動脈粥狀硬化風險。戒菸、維持健康體重、規律有氧運動及低飽和脂肪飲食是美國心臟協會（AHA）公認的黃金標準。護理師在衛教時應強調這些改變能顯著改善血脂、血壓及胰島素敏感性。選項E因酒精對心血管的潛在益處存在爭議，且伴隨成癮與致癌風險，不建議作為常規預防建議。
Smoking cessation, maintaining a healthy BMI, engaging in regular moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, and limiting saturated fat intake are evidence-based strategies to reduce cardiovascular disease risk. These lifestyle modifications improve lipid profiles, blood pressure, and insulin sensitivity. Daily alcohol consumption is not recommended for cardioprotection due to associated health risks and lack of consistent benefit.
在美國臨床衛教中，已完全摒棄「適量飲酒有益心臟」的觀點，教學內容更強調全面性風險評估（如 ASCVD 風險分數）。