一位中年的企業經理在潛意識中對他的男秘書抱有根深蒂固的同性戀吸引力,但他個人認為這種慾望是無法接受且可恥的。為了解決這種嚴重的內在衝突,他在辦公室裡表現出極端的恐同行為,不僅例行性地霸凌那位秘書,甚至大聲發起要開除任何展現非傳統行為員工的運動。這名個案正經典地展現了哪一種心理分析防衛機轉?
A middle-aged corporate manager unconsciously harbors deep-seated homosexual attractions toward his male secretary, a desire he finds personally unacceptable and disgraceful. To cope with this severe internal conflict, he exhibits extreme homophobic behaviors at the office, routinely bullying the secretary and loudly initiating campaigns to fire anyone displaying non-traditional behaviors. Which psychoanalytic defense mechanism is this individual classically demonstrating?
- ADisplacement轉移作用
- BReaction Formation✓ 正解反向作用
- CProjection投射作用
- DRationalization合理化
本題測驗精神科護理學中佛洛伊德的心理防衛機轉(Defense Mechanisms)。當一個人內心深處有一種被個人道德或社會強烈禁止的衝動或情感時,為了不讓它浮出水面產生焦慮,大腦會強迫個體在外在表現上做出與此潛意識情感「完全背道而馳、形成極端反差」的態度或行為與之對抗。這被稱為「反向作用(Reaction Formation)」(選項B正確),如同本題因為極度渴望同性,所以外在表現出極端憎恨並打壓同性戀。選項C投射(Projection)是將自己不被接受的情感強加到別人身上(例如:「我沒有喜歡他,是他一直在勾引我」)。選項D合理化(Rationalization)是為不好的行為找客觀的藉口(例如:「我霸凌他是因為他工作效率差」)。選項A轉移作用(Displacement)是把情緒發洩在較安全的無辜替代品上(例如:把工作怒氣回家發洩在踢屬下的狗身上)。
The client is exhibiting reaction formation, a defense mechanism where an individual expresses feelings or behaviors that are the direct opposite of their unacceptable unconscious impulses to reduce anxiety. By acting aggressively against homosexuality, the manager masks his own repressed homosexual desires. Unlike projection, which attributes one's own feelings to others, reaction formation involves adopting an opposing stance.
世界精神醫學學會對防衛機轉四大名詞定義完全同步。在考題情境上,美式教材極度喜歡用「暗櫃同性戀者變身激進恐同牧師」作為 Reaction Formation 的教科書級經典範例。