第一型糖尿病病人因庫斯莫爾氏呼吸與水果味口氣被送至急診。哪些介入措施是合適的？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client with type 1 diabetes mellitus who is brought to the ED with Kussmaul respirations and a fruity breath odor. Which interventions are appropriate? (Select all that apply.)
- AAdminister an IV bolus of 0.9% Normal Saline✓ 正解給予 0.9% 生理食鹽水靜脈推注
- BPrepare for a continuous insulin infusion✓ 正解準備持續靜脈輸注胰島素
- CAdminister rapid-acting insulin subcutaneously皮下注射速效胰島素
- DMonitor serum potassium levels closely✓ 正解密切監測血清鉀離子濃度
- EProvide high-carbohydrate oral fluids提供高碳水化合物口服液體
病人症狀為糖尿病酮酸中毒（DKA）。首要治療是大量生理食鹽水補充循環容積，接著是持續靜脈輸注胰島素以糾正高血糖與代謝性酸中毒。過程中需嚴密監測鉀離子，因為胰島素會促使鉀進入細胞導致低血鉀。皮下注射胰島素速度太慢，且病人禁止口服食物。
The client is exhibiting signs of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), making fluid resuscitation with normal saline the priority to restore perfusion. Continuous intravenous insulin is required to correct hyperglycemia and acidosis, while close monitoring of potassium is essential because insulin therapy can cause dangerous hypokalemia. Subcutaneous insulin is inappropriate for acute management, and oral intake is contraindicated due to the risk of aspiration.
台美兩地對 DKA 的治療規範高度一致，均強調輸液、胰島素與鉀離子平衡的三大支柱。