— 生理適應 · MEDIUM · MCQ —
護理師正在指導一位肝硬化病人飲食調整。針對患有肝性腦病的病人,應包含哪項指導?
A nurse is teaching a client with cirrhosis about dietary modifications. Which instruction should the nurse include for a client with hepatic encephalopathy?
- ALimit protein intake as prescribed✓ 正解依醫囑限制蛋白質攝取
- BIncrease intake of red meats增加紅肉攝取
- CFollow a fluid restriction of 500 mL per day每日液體攝取限制為 500 mL
- DIncrease sodium intake to 4 grams per day每日鈉攝取量增加至 4 克
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
肝性腦病(Hepatic Encephalopathy)的發生主要與血氨(Ammonia)升高有關。氨是蛋白質代謝的產物,當受損的肝臟無法將氨轉化為尿素排出時,氨會進入大腦引起意識障礙。因此,限制蛋白質攝取(特別是動物性蛋白)是減少氨產生的核心手段。選項 B 會加重病情;選項 D 會導致腹水惡化;選項 C 的 500 mL 限制通常過於嚴苛且非腦病的首要重點。臨床護理中,除了限蛋白,還會併用 Lactulose(乳果糖)來促進氨排出,並觀察病人意識狀態的改變。
Limiting protein intake reduces the production of ammonia, a neurotoxin that accumulates when the damaged liver cannot convert it to urea. Elevated ammonia levels cross the blood-brain barrier, causing the neurological deficits associated with hepatic encephalopathy.
✦ 台美臨床差異
美國 NCLEX 傾向考蛋白質攝取的精確管理(適量而非絕對禁止);台灣臨床上針對嚴重的肝昏迷病人,初期常會採取極低蛋白飲食,待神智清醒後再由植物性蛋白逐步回補。