護理師照護一位新診斷糖尿病的病人，下列哪些發現顯示其有微血管併發症的風險？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client with a new diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Which findings indicate the client is at risk for microvascular complications? (Select all that apply.)
- AConsistent fasting blood glucose level of 180 mg/dL✓ 正解空腹血糖持續為 180 mg/dL
- BHbA1c level of 8.5%✓ 正解糖化血色素（HbA1c）為 8.5%
- CPresence of microalbuminuria✓ 正解存在微量白蛋白尿
- DBlood pressure reading of 145/90 mmHg✓ 正解血壓讀數為 145/90 mmHg
- ERecent episode of diabetic ketoacidosis近期發生糖尿病酮酸中毒
微血管併發症與長期高血糖暴露高度相關。持續高空腹血糖（A）與高糖化血色素（B）會直接損害微血管壁。微白蛋白尿（C）是腎臟微血管損傷的早期標誌。高血壓（D）會增加壓力損害，也是微血管疾病的共病因素。糖尿病酮酸中毒（E）屬於急性代謝失調，與長期微血管損傷無直接因果關係。
Microvascular complications are strongly associated with prolonged hyperglycemia, making consistent fasting glucose of 180 mg/dL and an HbA1c of 8.5% significant risk factors due to poor long-term glycemic control. Microalbuminuria serves as an early clinical indicator of diabetic nephropathy, reflecting direct damage to the kidney's microvasculature. Additionally, hypertension exacerbates shear stress on microvessels, further increasing the risk of vascular injury.
美國非常強調糖尿病衛教師（CDE）介入與長期追蹤，台灣則多仰賴門診醫師與個管師協同。