護理師為剛喪親的悲傷階段個案擬定照護計畫，應包含哪些措施？（選所有適合的）
The nurse is planning care for a client experiencing the grieving process following a recent bereavement. Which interventions should the nurse include? (Select all that apply.)
- AEncourage the expression of feelings and emotions✓ 正解鼓勵表達感受與情緒
- BDiscourage talk about the deceased to promote acceptancediscouraging 談論逝者以促進接受
- CAssess the client's support systems and coping mechanisms✓ 正解評估病人的支持系統與因應機制
- DSuggest that the client avoids social gatherings for now建議病人目前避免參加社交聚會
- EProvide information about community support groups✓ 正解提供社區支持團體的資訊
悲傷（grief）是一種正常的情緒反應，護理照護的核心在於提供一個包容、支持的環境，讓個案能安全地表達悲傷。護理師應採取「陪伴與賦能」的態度，鼓勵個案表達感受、評估其社會資源，並提供專業的支持團體資訊以協助其度過悲傷週期。反之，禁止談論往生者或鼓勵孤立行為，會阻礙個案完成悲傷任務，增加發展為病理性悲傷（pathological grief）的風險。
Nursing care for grief should facilitate healthy mourning by encouraging the client to express feelings and assessing available support systems. Providing information on community support groups further aids recovery by validating the client's experience, whereas discouraging discussion or promoting isolation can hinder the grieving process.
在美國臨床護理中，非常強調「悲傷諮商（Grief Counseling）」的轉介，且對悲傷的評估通常更早介入（如在住院期間即啟動社工或宗教師 chaplain 服務）。台灣臨床環境則較常由家屬或護理師口頭安慰，較少有系統性地將支持團體資源納入標準照護計畫。