護理師在為一位 65 歲個案制定預防骨質疏鬆的健康促進計畫時，應包含哪些介入措施？（選所有適合的）
Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the health promotion plan for a 65-year-old client to prevent osteoporosis? (Select all that apply.)
- AEncourage weight-bearing exercises such as walking.✓ 正解鼓勵進行如步行等負重運動。
- BAdvise the client to increase intake of calcium and vitamin D.✓ 正解建議個案增加鈣質與維生素 D 的攝取。
- CRecommend swimming as the primary form of exercise for bone density.建議以游泳作為增加骨密度的主要運動形式。
- DPerform a home safety assessment to reduce fall risks.✓ 正解進行居家安全評估以降低跌倒風險。
- EDiscuss the importance of smoking cessation.✓ 正解討論戒菸的重要性。
預防骨質疏鬆與相關骨折需多管齊下。負重運動 (A) 如步行能刺激骨細胞活性，增加骨密度。鈣與維生素 D (B) 是骨基質的必需營養。跌倒預防 (D) 極其重要，因為骨鬆病人跌倒極易造成髖部骨折。抽菸 (E) 會加速骨質流失，必須戒除。選項 C 錯誤，因為游泳雖對心肺好，但非負重運動，對增加骨密度的效果遠不如走路或慢跑。護理師的目標是透過生活型態改變來降低脆弱性骨折的風險，這在老年健康促進中屬於核心內容。
Weight-bearing exercises like walking stimulate bone formation, while adequate calcium and vitamin D intake supports bone mineral density. Smoking cessation is critical because smoking accelerates bone loss, and fall prevention strategies are essential to avoid fractures in osteoporotic clients. Swimming is not recommended as a primary intervention for increasing bone density because it is a non-weight-bearing activity.
美國非常強調骨密度 (DEXA) 篩檢的保險給付與社區銀髮運動課程；台灣則有國健署推廣的「骨鬆預防衛教」，並強調傳統飲食中的小魚乾、芝麻等補鈣來源。