護理師進行 75 歲客戶的健康評估。下列哪些發現屬於正常的老化現象？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is performing a health assessment on a 75-year-old client. Which findings are considered normal age-related changes? (Select all that apply.)
- ADecreased skin elasticity✓ 正解皮膚彈性減退
- BIncreased sensitivity to cold✓ 正解對寒冷敏感度增加
- CPresence of presbyopia✓ 正解存在老花眼
- DRapid decline in cognitive function認知功能急遽下降
- EReduced reaction time✓ 正解反應時間減慢
老化是生理功能逐漸衰退的自然過程。在護理評估時，區分「正常老化」與「病理性改變」至關重要。正常老化包括組織彈性下降、代謝減緩及感官敏銳度降低。認知功能雖可能隨年齡增長處理速度稍慢，但絕不會出現急遽下降；若出現認知功能驟降，必須排除失智症（Dementia）、譫妄（Delirium）或憂鬱症等病理因素。護理師應透過系統性評估，掌握個案的老化基線，以辨識非預期的健康危機。
Aging is the natural process of gradual decline in physiological function. In nursing assessment, distinguishing 'normal aging' from 'pathological changes' is essential. Normal aging includes decreased tissue elasticity, slowed metabolism, and diminished sensory acuity. Although cognitive processing speed may slow somewhat with age, a sudden decline in cognition should never be considered normal; if such a decline occurs, pathological causes such as dementia, delirium, or depression must be excluded. The nurse should use systematic assessment to establish the client's baseline of aging in order to identify unexpected health crises.