服用 Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) 常見哪種電解質失衡？

氫氯噻嗪（Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ）屬於噻嗪類利尿劑（Thiazide diuretics），主要作用於腎臟遠端曲小管，抑制鈉與氯離子的再吸收。由於增加了鈉離子的排出，水分隨之排出以達到利尿效果，但此過程同時會促進鉀離子的排泄，長期使用極易導致低鉀血症（Hypokalemia）。臨床護理重點在於監測血鉀濃度，並教育病人攝取富含鉀的食物（如香蕉、柑橘、馬鈴薯）或遵醫囑補充鉀離子製劑，以維持心肌與神經肌肉的正常功能。

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is a thiazide diuretic that acts primarily on the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney, inhibiting sodium and chloride reabsorption. Because of increased sodium excretion, water is excreted as well, producing a diuretic effect; this process also promotes potassium excretion, and long-term use easily leads to hypokalemia. Clinically, nursing focuses on monitoring serum potassium and educating the patient to consume potassium-rich foods (such as bananas, citrus, and potatoes) or take a potassium supplement as ordered to maintain normal myocardial and neuromuscular function.