一位急性胰臟炎病人入院，護理師應預期出現哪些徵象？（選所有適合的）
A client with acute pancreatitis is admitted. Which findings should the nurse anticipate? (Select all that apply.)
- AElevated serum amylase and lipase✓ 正解血清澱粉酶和脂肪酶升高
- BSevere mid-epigastric pain radiating to the back✓ 正解劇烈的中上腹痛並放射至背部
- CHypocalcemia✓ 正解低血鈣
- DDecreased bowel sounds✓ 正解腸鳴音減弱
- EHypotension✓ 正解低血壓
急性胰臟炎（Acute Pancreatitis）是因胰臟酵素過早活化，導致胰臟組織自體消化。臨床評估重點在於胰臟損傷後的全身性炎症反應（SIRS）與併發症。澱粉酶（Amylase）與脂肪酶（Lipase）是診斷金標準；疼痛表現為典型的上腹部放射至背部。此外，組織壞死與脂肪皂化反應會消耗鈣離子造成低血鈣，同時發炎介質會導致毛細血管滲漏，引起低血壓與循環衰竭，腸道功能則常因反射性麻痺而減弱。
Acute pancreatitis results from premature activation of pancreatic enzymes, leading to autodigestion of pancreatic tissue. Clinical assessment focuses on the systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) and complications that follow pancreatic injury. Amylase and lipase are the diagnostic gold standard, and pain typically presents as epigastric pain radiating to the back. In addition, tissue necrosis and fat saponification consume calcium ions, causing hypocalcemia, while inflammatory mediators produce capillary leak, leading to hypotension and circulatory collapse; bowel function is often diminished due to reflexive paralysis.