一位 T4 脊髓損傷病人出現自律神經反射異常。哪項為優先處置？（選所有適合的）

自律神經反射異常（Autonomic Dysreflexia, AD）是一種發生於脊髓損傷（spinal cord injury, SCI）病人（通常損傷部位在 T6 或 T7 以上）的急性、危及生命的狀況。當身體受到低於損傷水平的刺激（如膀胱脹滿、糞便嵌塞、皮膚壓迫等）時，會引發過度的自主神經反應，導致血壓急劇升高，並伴隨一系列症狀。 核心概念：AD 的病理生理學是因脊髓損傷阻斷了腦部對自主神經系統的抑制性傳導，導致損傷水平以下的交感神經系統過度活躍。觸發因子（如膀胱脹滿）引起血管收縮，血壓飆升，但腦部無法接收到信號進行調節。 臨床思路：AD 的處理原則是「立即解除觸發因子」，同時採取措施降低血壓，保護病人免受高血壓相關的併發症（如腦出血）。ABC 原則中，A（Airway）和 C（Circulation）都受到嚴重威脅。

Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is an acute, life-threatening condition that occurs in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), usually with the level of injury at T6 or T7 or above. When the body receives a stimulus below the level of the injury (such as a distended bladder, fecal impaction, or skin pressure), an exaggerated autonomic response is triggered, causing a sharp rise in blood pressure together with a series of symptoms. Core concept: The pathophysiology of AD is that the spinal cord injury interrupts inhibitory signals from the brain to the autonomic nervous system, leading to overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system below the level of injury. A trigger (such as bladder distention) causes vasoconstriction and a sharp rise in blood pressure, but the brain cannot receive the signals required for regulation. Clinical reasoning: The management principle for AD is to 'immediately remove the trigger' while taking measures to lower the blood pressure and protect the patient from hypertension-related complications such as intracerebral hemorrhage. Within the ABC principle, both A (Airway) and C (Circulation) are seriously threatened.