在病人的健康史中，下列哪些發現是第二型糖尿病的危險因子？（選所有適合的）
Which of the following findings in an adult client's health history should the nurse identify as a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes? (Select all that apply.)
- ABody Mass Index (BMI) of 32 kg/m²✓ 正解身體質量指數 (BMI) 為 32 kg/m²
- BSedentary lifestyle✓ 正解久坐的生活方式
- CHistory of gestational diabetes✓ 正解妊娠糖尿病病史
- DDiet high in fiber and whole grains高纖維和全穀物飲食
- EFamily history of type 2 diabetes in a first-degree relative✓ 正解一級親屬有第二型糖尿病家族史
第二型糖尿病的風險評估包含多種代謝與遺傳因素。BMI > 30（肥胖）會導致胰島素阻抗，這是最主要的可變風險；久坐不動的缺乏運動生活型態會影響葡萄糖代謝；曾有妊娠糖尿病史的女性，未來發生糖尿病的機率較高；家族史特別是直系血親患有糖尿病，顯示了遺傳易感性。D 選項是正確的健康飲食建議，屬於保護因子而非危險因子。護理師應針對這些因子進行個別化衛教，重點在於透過減重、規律運動來改善代謝狀況，進而推遲或預防糖尿病的發生。早期篩檢與生活型態介入是預防這類慢性病的核心策略。
Risk assessment for type 2 diabetes encompasses multiple metabolic and genetic factors. A BMI > 30 (obesity) causes insulin resistance and is the principal modifiable risk; a sedentary lifestyle with insufficient exercise affects glucose metabolism; women with a previous history of gestational diabetes have a higher future risk of diabetes; and family history, particularly diabetes in first-degree relatives, indicates genetic susceptibility. Option D is a correct healthy-eating recommendation and is a protective rather than a risk factor. The nurse should provide individualized education focused on these factors, with emphasis on improving metabolic status through weight reduction and regular exercise, thereby delaying or preventing the onset of diabetes. Early screening and lifestyle intervention are the core strategy for preventing such chronic diseases.
美國將『預防糖尿病課程（DPP）』納入社區衛教體系；台灣目前的糖尿病防治多側重於『已診斷者』的照顧，對於『高風險族群』的主動篩檢與生活型態改變的推廣，在社區層級的資源投入仍有成長空間。