— 健康促進與維護 · MEDIUM · SATA —
護理師正在提供有關預防骨質疏鬆症的教育。下列何種因素會增加骨質疏鬆症的風險？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is providing education on preventing osteoporosis. Which factors contribute to osteoporosis risk? (Select all that apply.)
- ALow calcium intake✓ 正解鈣質攝取不足
- BSmoking✓ 正解吸菸
- CSedentary lifestyle✓ 正解久坐的生活方式
- DFemale gender✓ 正解女性性別
- EAdequate Vitamin D intake充足的維生素D攝取
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
骨質疏鬆症（Osteoporosis）的核心在於骨質密度下降與骨骼結構受損，導致骨折風險增加。預防重點在於維持骨骼礦物質密度（Bone Mineral Density, BMD）。正確選項均為已知會負面影響骨骼代謝或增加跌倒與骨折風險的因子。女性因停經後雌激素分泌減少，骨質流失速度加快；鈣質與維生素D攝取不足會影響骨骼礦化；吸菸會干擾鈣質吸收與雌激素代謝；久坐則缺乏負重運動（Weight-bearing exercise）來刺激骨質生成。
Risk factors for osteoporosis include low calcium intake, smoking, a sedentary lifestyle, and female gender, particularly after menopause when estrogen levels decline. These factors negatively impact bone mineral density by reducing bone formation, increasing resorption, or impairing calcium absorption. Adequate vitamin D intake is protective and does not contribute to the risk.