護理師正在照顧一位 4 歲兒童。護理師應預期該兒童已達到哪項發展里程碑？
A nurse is caring for a 4-year-old child. Which developmental milestone should the nurse expect the child to have achieved?
- ATying shoelaces綁鞋帶
- BDrawing a detailed person with 10 body parts畫出包含10個身體部位的詳細人物
- CUsing a spoon to eat independently獨立使用湯匙進食
- DHopping on one foot✓ 正解單腳跳
了解兒童的發展里程碑（developmental milestones）是護理師評估兒童成長和發展狀況的重要能力。每個年齡段的兒童都有其預期的身體、認知、語言和社會情感發展特點。4歲兒童屬於學齡前階段，此時他們的粗大動作（gross motor skills）和精細動作（fine motor skills）正持續發展，並開始展現更複雜的協調能力。 正確答案「C」單腳跳（Hopping on one foot）是4歲兒童通常能夠達到的粗大動作里程碑。在這個年齡，兒童的平衡感和腿部肌肉力量顯著提升，使他們能夠進行單腳跳躍、跑步、爬樓梯等更具挑戰性的活動。相較於其他選項，單腳跳更符合4歲兒童的典型發展水平。護理師透過觀察兒童的行為和活動能力，可以評估其發展是否符合預期，並在發現潛在發展遲緩時及時轉介，提供早期介入。
Understanding developmental milestones is essential for nurses to evaluate a child's growth and development. Each age group has expected physical, cognitive, language, and social-emotional milestones. A 4-year-old is in the preschool stage, when gross and fine motor skills continue to develop and more complex coordination emerges. Hopping on one foot is a typical gross motor milestone for a 4-year-old, reflecting improved balance and leg strength. The other options reflect either an earlier-acquired skill (independent spoon use) or skills generally achieved later (tying shoelaces, drawing a person with 10 body parts).
發展里程碑全球通用，但美國常使用 Denver II 篩檢工具。