護理師教導一群人關於護心飲食。哪些選擇代表護心習慣？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is teaching a group about heart-healthy nutrition. Which choices represent heart-healthy habits? (Select all that apply.)
- ASelecting lean proteins like fish and poultry✓ 正解選擇瘦肉蛋白質，如魚類和家禽
- BIncreasing consumption of soluble fiber✓ 正解增加可溶性纖維的攝取
- CCooking with unsaturated oils like olive oil✓ 正解使用橄欖油等不飽和油烹飪
- DAdding extra salt to improve food flavor添加額外鹽分以提升食物風味
- EEating nuts and seeds in moderation✓ 正解適量食用堅果和種子
護心飲食的核心在於降低飽和脂肪與鈉的攝取，並增加纖維與優質脂肪，以改善血脂並控制血壓。正確選項皆符合美國心臟協會（AHA）的飲食建議：瘦肉蛋白減少飽和脂肪攝取；水溶性纖維能結合膽固醇並排除體外；不飽和脂肪油與堅果則有助於提升高密度脂蛋白（HDL）。臨床上應指導病人將飲食調整視為長期生活方式，而非短期節食。D選項加入額外鹽分會導致鈉滯留，進而增加血容量與血壓，對心衰竭或高血壓病人極為不利，應鼓勵使用香草、大蒜或檸檬汁取代鹽分。
The core of a heart-healthy diet is to reduce intake of saturated fat and sodium and to increase intake of fiber and high-quality fats, in order to improve lipid profiles and control blood pressure. The correct options align with American Heart Association (AHA) dietary recommendations: lean protein reduces saturated fat intake; soluble fiber binds cholesterol and helps eliminate it from the body; unsaturated oils and nuts help raise high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Clinically, patients should be guided to view dietary changes as a long-term lifestyle modification rather than a short-term diet. Option D, adding extra salt, results in sodium retention, which increases blood volume and blood pressure and is particularly harmful for patients with heart failure or hypertension; herbs, garlic, or lemon juice should be encouraged as salt substitutes.
美國臨床更強調「DASH飲食」（Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension），護理師在衛教時常會提供針對低鈉飲食的具體採買與烹飪技巧指導，台灣則較常建議減少外食調味。