護理師正在教導個案關於流感疫苗。關於減毒活疫苗（LAIV）鼻噴劑，哪項陳述是正確的？
A nurse is teaching a client about self-administration of the influenza vaccine. Which statement is correct regarding the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) nasal spray?
- AIt can be given to children under 2 years of age.可給予2歲以下兒童接種。
- BIt is recommended for pregnant women.建議孕婦接種。
- CIt is contraindicated for individuals with compromised immune systems.✓ 正解免疫功能受損者禁用。
- DIt is preferred for clients over age 65.65歲以上客戶首選。
流感疫苗是預防季節性流感及其併發症的重要公共衛生工具。目前市面上有兩種主要類型：滅活疫苗（inactivated influenza vaccine, IIV）和減毒活疫苗（live attenuated influenza vaccine, LAIV），後者以鼻噴劑形式給予。護理師在衛教病人選擇或自我施打疫苗時，必須清楚說明兩種疫苗的適用人群、禁忌症和注意事項，尤其對於LAIV這種活疫苗，其使用限制較多，以確保疫苗的安全性與有效性，避免對特定族群造成風險。準確的衛教能提升疫苗接種的依從性與安全性。
The influenza vaccine is an important public health tool for preventing seasonal influenza and its complications. Two main types are currently available: the inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) and the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), administered as a nasal spray. When educating clients about vaccine selection or self-administration, nurses must clearly explain the indications, contraindications, and precautions for each type, especially for LAIV as a live vaccine which has more usage restrictions, to ensure vaccine safety and efficacy and to avoid risks to specific populations. Accurate teaching improves both adherence and safety.
流感疫苗的種類、適用年齡和禁忌症，台灣與美國的指引大致相同，尤其對於減毒活疫苗（LAIV）的禁忌症，如免疫功能低下者、孕婦及特定年齡層，兩地皆有嚴格規範。不過，各國疫苗政策和供應的具體細節可能因公共衛生策略、疫苗可及性及當地流行病學狀況而略有差異。在美國，LAIV的建議適用年齡範圍為2至49歲，台灣則未普遍使用LAIV鼻噴劑。