護理師評估急性胰臟炎病人,下列哪些發現符合此診斷?(選所有適合的)
A client with acute pancreatitis is being assessed by the nurse. Which findings are consistent with this diagnosis? (Select all that apply.)
- AElevated serum amylase and lipase levels✓ 正解血清澱粉酶和脂肪酶濃度升高
- BPain radiating to the left shoulder疼痛放射至左肩
- CCullen's sign noted on the abdomen✓ 正解腹部出現庫倫氏徵象(Cullen's sign)
- DHypocalcemia✓ 正解低血鈣
- EGrey Turner's sign on the flank✓ 正解脅腹部出現格雷·特納氏徵象(Grey Turner's sign)
急性胰臟炎(Acute pancreatitis)是一種胰臟發炎的嚴重疾病,其診斷通常基於特異性的臨床表現和實驗室檢查結果。護理師在評估病人時,需要識別與此診斷相符的臨床徵象。 核心概念是理解急性胰臟炎的病理生理學(pathophysiology)及其臨床表現。胰臟發炎導致胰臟酵素(如血清澱粉酶 serum amylase 和血清脂肪酶 serum lipase)釋放到血液中,因此檢測這些酵素的水平升高是診斷的關鍵標準(選項 A)。 腹痛是急性胰臟炎最主要的症狀,通常位於上腹部,並可能放射到背部。然而,在某些情況下,嚴重的腹腔內出血或發炎可能導致腹壁皮膚出現特徵性的瘀血斑。Cullen's 徵象(Cullen's sign)是指臍周圍出現藍綠色或紫色的瘀血斑(periumbilical bruising),而 Grey Turner's 徵象(Grey Turner's sign)則是在病人兩側的脅腹部(flank)出現類似的瘀血斑。這些徵象提示胰臟出血或壞死已侵犯到腹膜後組織,是較晚期、較嚴重的表現(選項 C 和 E)。 低血鈣(Hypocalcemia)也是急性胰臟炎的常見併發症。這是因為發炎過程中,胰臟脂肪酶會分解腹腔內的脂肪,產生脂肪酸,這些脂肪酸會與鈣離子結合形成皂化物(saponification),導致血鈣水平下降(選項 D)。 選項 B 描述的「疼痛放射至左肩」(Pain radiating to the left shoulder)並非急性胰臟炎的典型表現。胰臟炎的腹痛通常放射至背部(radiating to the back)。放射至左肩更常見於橫膈膜刺激或脾臟問題,或在某些情況下,是腹痛的另一種表現,但不如放射至背部典型。因此,應排除此選項。
Acute pancreatitis is diagnosed by characteristic clinical and laboratory findings. Elevated serum amylase and lipase confirm pancreatic inflammation. Cullen's sign (periumbilical bruising) and Grey Turner's sign (flank bruising) suggest retroperitoneal hemorrhage from severe/hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Hypocalcemia occurs due to saponification (calcium binding to free fatty acids released by lipase). Pancreatic pain typically radiates to the back, not the left shoulder.