下列哪些護理措施適用於正在接受華法林（Warfarin）抗凝血治療的病人？（選所有適合的）
Which of the following interventions are appropriate for a client receiving warfarin therapy? (Select all that apply.)
- AUse a soft-bristled toothbrush for oral hygiene✓ 正解使用軟毛牙刷進行口腔衛生
- BMonitor for unusual bleeding or bruising✓ 正解監測異常出血或瘀青
- CIncrease intake of dark green leafy vegetables增加深色葉菜類的攝取
- DReport any melena or hematuria immediately✓ 正解立即報告黑便或血尿
- EInstruct the client to avoid aspirin and NSAIDs✓ 正解指示病人避免使用阿斯匹靈和非類固醇消炎藥
華法林透過抑制維生素 K 依賴性凝血因子發揮作用。病人需採出血防範措施（如軟毛牙刷）。攝取大量綠色蔬菜會改變維生素 K 水準，導致抗凝血效果不穩定，故應保持飲食一致，而非隨意增加。出血徵兆需立刻回報，且應避免合併使用 NSAIDs 增加胃出血風險。
Warfarin works by inhibiting vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Clients should observe bleeding precautions (such as using a soft-bristled toothbrush). Eating large amounts of green leafy vegetables alters vitamin K levels and destabilizes anticoagulation, so dietary intake should be kept consistent rather than increased indiscriminately. Signs of bleeding must be reported immediately, and concurrent use of NSAIDs should be avoided because it increases the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.
台美皆推廣維持穩定飲食，但在病人用藥教育上，美國多由藥師介入，台灣則高度仰賴護理師衛教。