根據發展常模，護理師應預期孩子在幾歲時開始使用杯子和湯匙，並開始對如廁訓練表現出興趣？

本題旨在評估護理師對兒童發展常模的理解，特別是精細動作（使用餐具）和自我照護技能（如廁訓練準備度）。根據兒童發展專家如美國小兒科學會（American Academy of Pediatrics）的指引，18 至 24 個月是孩子發展這些能力的關鍵時期。此階段的孩子開始展現獨立性，對模仿大人行為感到興趣，生理上也逐漸具備控制括約肌的能力，這些都是如廁訓練準備度的重要指標。護理師需掌握這些發展里程碑，才能對家長提供適切的指導，並及早識別可能的發展遲緩，以便進行早期介入。

This question aims to evaluate the nurse's understanding of normative pediatric developmental milestones, particularly fine motor skills (using utensils) and self-care skills (readiness for toilet training). According to pediatric development experts such as those at the American Academy of Pediatrics, the period between 18 and 24 months is a key time for children to develop these abilities. Children at this stage begin to show independence and interest in imitating adult behavior, and they gradually develop the physiologic ability to control their sphincters, all of which are important indicators of toilet training readiness. Nurses must master these developmental milestones in order to provide appropriate guidance to parents and to identify possible developmental delays early, so that early intervention can be initiated.

兒童發展里程碑在全球範圍內具有高度一致性，無論是美國或台灣的臨床實踐，對於孩子在不同年齡階段應達到的發展指標都有相似的共識。護理師在兩地都扮演著評估、教育家長和轉介的角色，以確保孩子能獲得適當的發展支持。