一位 60 歲女性諮詢骨質疏鬆預防，護理師應建議哪些生活型態調整？（選所有適合的）
A 60-year-old female client is discussing osteoporosis prevention. Which lifestyle modifications should the nurse recommend? (Select all that apply.)
- AEngage in weight-bearing exercises such as walking✓ 正解從事負重運動，例如步行
- BMaintain an adequate intake of calcium and Vitamin D✓ 正解維持充足的鈣質與維生素D攝取
- CIncrease caffeine intake to stimulate bone density增加咖啡因攝取以刺激骨密度
- DAvoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption✓ 正解避免吸菸與過度飲酒
- ESchedule a DEXA scan as recommended by the provider✓ 正解依醫師建議安排DEXA掃描
骨質疏鬆症（Osteoporosis）的預防重點在於提升骨密度與減少骨質流失。負重運動能透過機械壓力刺激骨細胞生成；鈣與維生素 D 是骨骼礦化的必要原料；戒菸酒可減少鈣質流失與抑制成骨細胞活性。雙能量 X 光吸收儀（DEXA scan）是臨床診斷與監測骨密度的金標準，護理重點應包含生活型態衛教與定期篩檢追蹤。
Osteoporosis prevention focuses on increasing bone density and reducing bone loss through mechanical stimulation and adequate nutrition. Nurses should recommend weight-bearing exercises to promote bone formation, ensure sufficient calcium and vitamin D intake, and advise quitting smoking and limiting alcohol to protect osteoblast function. Additionally, scheduling DEXA scans is essential for objective monitoring of bone health status.
在美國，建議 65 歲以上女性或有風險因子者進行 DEXA 篩檢；臨床上護理師常需協助醫師安排此檢查，並向病人解釋 T-score 的意義。