護理師為老年病人進行健康篩檢。下列哪些發現屬於正常的年齡老化改變？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is conducting a health screening for an older adult client. Which findings should the nurse identify as normal age-related changes? (Select all that apply.)
- ADecreased skin elasticity✓ 正解皮膚彈性降低
- BIncreased sensitivity to glare✓ 正解對眩光的敏感度增加
- CSignificant memory loss interfering with daily living嚴重記憶喪失影響日常生活
- DReduced ability to hear high-frequency sounds✓ 正解高頻聲音聽力減退
- EDecreased cardiac reserve✓ 正解心臟儲備能力降低
正常老化過程（Normal age-related changes）涉及全身多系統的生理功能退化。護理師需區分老化與病理性變化。皮膚彈性下降（A）是因膠原蛋白與彈性纖維減少；視覺上對眩光敏感增加（B）是因為水晶體混濁與密度改變；聽力減退（D）特別是高頻聲，源於耳蝸毛細胞退化；心臟儲備能力下降（E）則與心肌收縮力減弱及心輸出量儲備減少有關。記憶力顯著衰退並影響日常生活（C）則暗示失智症（Dementia）或其他神經系統病變，非正常老化特徵。
Normal age-related changes involve physiologic decline across multiple body systems. Nurses must differentiate aging from pathologic changes. Decreased skin elasticity (A) is due to decreased collagen and elastic fibers; increased sensitivity to glare (B) is due to lens opacity and density changes; hearing loss, especially of high-frequency sounds (D), is due to degeneration of cochlear hair cells; and decreased cardiac reserve (E) is related to weakened myocardial contractility and reduced cardiac-output reserve. Significant memory loss interfering with activities of daily living (C), however, suggests dementia or other neurologic disease and is not a feature of normal aging.