護理師正在評估一位疑似肺栓塞（PE）的病人。何種症狀最能代表 PE？
A nurse is assessing a client with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE). Which symptom is most characteristic of PE?
- AFever and chills發燒與畏寒
- BWheezing throughout lung fields雙肺野均可聞及喘鳴音
- CProductive cough with yellow sputum伴隨黃色痰液的有痰咳嗽
- DSudden onset of pleuritic chest pain and dyspnea✓ 正解突發性胸膜性胸痛與呼吸困難
肺栓塞（Pulmonary Embolism, PE）的核心病理生理為肺動脈血流受阻，導致氣體交換障礙。最典型的臨床表現為突發性呼吸困難（Dyspnea）與胸膜性胸痛（Pleuritic chest pain），後者常隨深呼吸或咳嗽而加劇。診斷 PE 時，護理師需高度警覺突發性的生命徵象改變，並優先評估氧合狀況。其他選項如發燒或咳痰多指向感染性問題（如肺炎），喘鳴則多見於氣道阻塞或氣喘，均非 PE 的特徵性表現。
The hallmark symptoms of a pulmonary embolism are sudden-onset dyspnea and pleuritic chest pain, resulting from impaired gas exchange and lung tissue ischemia. These acute changes distinguish PE from infectious processes like pneumonia, which typically present with fever and productive cough, or obstructive diseases like asthma, which feature wheezing. Nurses should prioritize assessing oxygenation levels when these specific respiratory symptoms appear.