哪幾項干預措施能促進意識混亂病人的環境安全？（選所有適合的）
Which of the following interventions promote environmental safety for a confused patient? (Select all that apply.)
- APlacing the bed in the lowest position✓ 正解將病床調至最低位置
- BOrienting the patient to the room environment✓ 正解協助病人適應病房環境
- CUsing a bed alarm✓ 正解使用床邊警報器
- DRestraining the patient in bed during the night夜間將病人約束在床上
- EKeeping the room well-lit at night夜間保持室內明亮
對於意識混亂的病人，環境安全的核心目標是預防跌倒與減少定向感喪失。護理師應採取非侵入性的環境管理措施。將床位降至最低（A）可縮短跌倒時的下墜距離，降低受傷風險。提供環境定向（B）能減輕病人的恐懼與混亂，減少因不安而試圖下床的行為。床邊警報（C）作為輔助監測，能在病人未經協助嘗試離床時及時提醒護理師。約束（D）應視為最後手段，僅在所有非藥物介入皆無效且病人有嚴重危險時才考慮，以免引發譫妄惡化。夜間維持適度照明（E）是為了預防病人因光線不足產生陰影錯覺（幻覺），而非強烈照明，選項 E 未明確定義適度，通常建議使用微光夜燈即可。
To promote environmental safety for a confused patient, the nurse should lower the bed to reduce fall injury risk, provide reorientation to minimize confusion and panic, and use a bed alarm for immediate notification of movement. Restraints are avoided as a first-line measure due to increased injury risks, and while lighting is important, excessive brightness may disrupt sleep rather than enhance safety.