— 健康促進與維護 · MEDIUM · SATA —
護理師在嬰兒室評估新生兒。哪些發現應紀錄為 2 天大嬰兒的預期發展里程碑？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is assessing a newborn in the nursery. Which findings should the nurse document as expected developmental milestones for a 2-day-old infant? (Select all that apply.)
- APresence of the Moro reflex✓ 正解存在莫羅反射
- BAbility to lift head briefly when prone俯臥時能短暫抬頭
- CPassage of meconium stool✓ 正解排出胎便
- DCoordinated sucking and swallowing reflex✓ 正解協調的吸吮與吞嚥反射
- EAbility to roll from stomach to back能從腹部翻轉至背部
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
評估新生兒發展里程碑需區分原始反射（Primitive reflexes）與生理功能。2 天大的嬰兒處於新生兒期，神經系統發育尚未成熟，主要表現為反射動作以利生存，如吸吮、吞嚥與摩洛反射（Moro reflex）。胎便排出代表腸道通暢，為正常的生理過程。抬頭（Head lag control）與翻身（Rolling over）屬於較晚期的大動作發展（Gross motor development），若在 2 天大時出現則可能暗示張力異常或病理情況。
Newborns exhibit primitive reflexes such as the Moro reflex and coordinated sucking and swallowing, which are essential for survival. Passing meconium within the first 48 hours is also a normal physiological milestone. Head lifting and rolling over are gross motor skills that develop much later in infancy.